In search of quality and equity : the United Kingdom and Germany in the struggle for PISA scores

School reforms aiming at improving educational performance (quality), closing achievement gaps and reducing the impact of family background on performance (equity) have been on the agenda worldwide for three decades. These reforms converge in a common core which puts emphasis on school autonomy, free school choice, competition between schools, managerial school leadership, high teacher quality and test-based accountability of schools. We investigate how far these reforms have been associated with improvements in quality and equity in two countries following their own developmental path: the United Kingdom and Germany. Despite all insights provided by the existing literature, we still do not sufficiently know how far the application of governance tools following the global reform agenda does make a difference between schools. For closing this research gap, we conduct multi-level linear regression analyses to test the association of governance tools of the reform agenda with individual student performance and achievement gaps based on family background. We make use of data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and look at the test years 2000, 2009 and 2015 to see how far there has been improvement over time along with advancing reforms. The results show that the reforms have failed so far.