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Sex differences in facial expressions of pain : results from a combined sample
Schneider, Pia; Lautenbacher, Stefan; Kunz, Miriam (2024): Sex differences in facial expressions of pain : results from a combined sample, in: Pain : the journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain, New York, NY [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Jg. 165, Nr. 8, S. 1784–1792, doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003180.
Faculty/Chair:
Author:
Title of the Journal:
Pain : the journal of the International Association for the Study of Pain
ISSN:
1872-6623
0304-3959
Publisher Information:
Year of publication:
2024
Volume:
165
Issue:
8
Pages:
Language:
English
Abstract:
Facial expressions of pain play an important role in pain diagnostics and social interactions. Given the prominent impact of sex on various aspects of pain, it is not surprising that sex differences have also been explored regarding facial expressions of pain; however, with inconclusive findings. We aim to further investigate sex differences in facial expressions of pain by using a large, combined sample to maximize statistical power. Data from 7 previous studies of our group were merged, combining in total the data of 392 participants (male: 192, female: 200). All participants received phasic heat pain, with intensities being tailored to the individual pain threshold. Pain intensity ratings were assessed, and facial responses were manually analyzed using the Facial Action Coding. To compare facial and subjective responses between sexes, linear mixed-effects models were used, with study ID as a random effect. We found significant sex differences in facial responses, with females showing elevated facial responses to pain, although they received lower physical heat intensities (women had lower pain thresholds). In contrast, pain intensity ratings did not differ between sexes. Additionally, facial and subjective responses to pain were significantly associated across sexes, with females showing slightly stronger associations. Although variations in facial expressions of pain are very large even within each sex, our findings demonstrate that women facially communicate pain more intensively and with a better match to their subjective experience compared with men. This indicates that women might be better in using facial communication of pain in an intensity-discriminative manner.
Keywords: ;  ;  ;  ;  ; 
Gender differences
Pain encoding
Nonverbal communication
Merged dataset
Experimental pain
Facial expression of pain
Type:
Article
Activation date:
April 25, 2025
Versioning
Question on publication
Permalink
https://fis.uni-bamberg.de/handle/uniba/107770