Count data are present in many areas of everyday life. Unfortunately, such data are often characterized by over- and under-dispersion. In 1986, Efron introduced the Double Poisson distribution to account for this problem. The aim of this work is to examine the application of this distribution in regression analyses performed in health-related literature by means of a narrative review. The databases Science Direct, PBSC, Pubmed PsycInfo, PsycArticles, CINAHL and Google Scholar were searched for applications. Two independent reviewers extracted data on Double Poisson Regression Models and their applications in the health and life sciences. From a total of 1644 hits, 84 articles were pre-selected and after full-text screening, 13 articles remained. All these articles were published after 2011 and most of them targeted epidemiological research. Both over- and under-dispersion was present and most of the papers used the generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) framework. In summary, this narrative review shows that the first steps in applying Efron’s idea of double exponential families for empirical count data have already been successfully taken in a variety of fields in the health and life sciences. Approaches to ease their application in clinical research should be encouraged.